A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Mass Estimates for Distant Clusters of Galaxies

We present weak lensing results for 12 distant clusters determined from images obtained with the refurbished Hubble Space Telescope. We detect the signature of gravitational lensing in 11 of the 12 clusters; the clusters span nearly an order of magnitude in lensing strength. The sample thus provides an excellent database for correlating direct mass estimates based on lensing with indirect ones which rely on baryonic tracers. We examine the correlation between the cluster X-ray luminosities and the mean gravitational shear strengths and develop a model which allows us to predict the relationship expected from the properties of local clusters. After allowing for various observational e ects, we nd that the predicted correlation is a reasonable match to the available data, indicating that there has been little evolution in the X-ray luminosity{central mass relationship between z 0:4 and now. We discuss the implications of this result in the context of the evolution of the X-ray luminosity function found by earlier workers. The comparison between shear amplitudes and velocity dispersions, estimated from a modest sample of members ( 30), reveals a discrepancy in the sense that these velocity dispersions are typically over-estimated by factors of 50%. This supports earlier suggestions that high dispersions measured for distant clusters may be seriously a ected by both unidenti ed substructure and outliers. Combining our shear-based mass estimates with morphologically-based luminosity estimates, we determine mass/light ratios of M=L V =180 +210 110h (M/L) for the entire population and 620 240h for spheroidal population where the evolutionary e ects can be best treated. We argue that this provides an upper bound to the present-day cluster mass/light ratio corresponding to 0.4. Our results demonstrate the important role weak gravitational lensing can play in the study of the evolution of distant clusters, as the most direct and least biased probe of their growth. Subject headings: cosmology: observations { gravitational lensing { clusters of galaxies: evolution